Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome where the efficiency of the heart is impaired and it is unable to meet the demands of the body. HF is a major healthcare concern as it is associated with high mortality, morbidity, and substantial economic burden on health care systems. 1
In patients with HF, the treatment goals are to reduce mortality, improve clinical status, improve quality of life (QoL) and prevent hospital admissions. 2 In 2021, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) released the latest guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic HF. 3 New concepts and recommendations make the 2021 guidelines a significant step forward from the previous ESC guidelines released in 2016. 4 From a Pharmacist’s perspective, the following points are of particular interest:
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